Clinical differentiation of psychogenic non-epileptic seizure: a practical diagnostic approach

Abstract Background Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) has long been the counterpart of epileptic (ES). Despite ample evidence differentiating two, PNES mistakenly diagnosed as ES was still common, resulting in unnecessary exposure to long-term antiepileptic medications and reduced patient’s caregiver’s quality life, not mention burgeoning financial costs. Objectives In this review, we aimed elucidate various differences between with respect baseline characteristics, semiology, EEG pattern, other key hallmark features. Methods An unstructured search carried out PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE using keywords pertinent differentiation. Relevant information subsequently summarized herein. Results differs significantly terms prodromal symptoms, presence pseudosleep, features (for instance provoking suggestion). The combined approach, if applied appropriately, can yield high diagnostic yield. Conclusions be clearly differentiated from via careful adherence a set valid clinical cues. hallmarks is highly useful prevent diagnosis treatment AEDs.